Recent behavioral studies in both humans and rodents have found evidence that performance
in decision-making tasks depends on two different learning processes; one encoding the …

Instrumental behaviour is controlled by two systems: a stimulus–response habit mechanism
and a goal-directed process that involves two forms of learning. The first is learning about …

Although the involvement in the striatum in the refinement and control of motor movement has
long been recognized, recent description of discrete frontal corticobasal ganglia networks …

Habits are controlled by antecedent stimuli rather than by goal expectancy. Interval schedules
of feedback have been shown to generate habits, as revealed by the insensitivity of …

Considerable evidence suggests that, in instrumental conditioning, rats learn the relationship
between actions and their specific consequences or outcomes. The present study …

There is substantial evidence that dopamine is involved in reward learning and appetitive
conditioning. However, the major reinforcement learning-based theoretical models of classical …

Habits are characterized by an insensitivity to their consequences and, as such, can be
distinguished from goal‐directed actions. The neural basis of the development of demonstrably …

The amygdala is a heterogeneous structure that has been implicated in a wide variety of
functions, most notably in fear conditioning. From this research, an influential serial model of …

This series of experiments compared the effects of lesions of the basolateral complex (BLA)
and the central nucleus (CN) of the amygdala on a number of tests of instrumental learning …

In three experiments we examined the effect of bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus
accumbens core or shell subregions on instrumental performance, outcome devaluation, …