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Depression and Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in Low-, Middle- and High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  • Co-infections and Comorbidity (CM Wyatt and K Sigel, Section Editors)
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Abstract

We investigated the associations between depressive symptoms and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV (PLHIV). We searched the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL databases for studies that reported an association between depression and adherence to ART as a primary or secondary outcome. We used a random-effect model to pool the risk estimates from the individual studies. The odds ratio (OR) with their 95 % CIs were used as summary estimates. Of 2861 citations, 111 studies that recruited 42,366 PLHIV met our inclusion criteria. When reported, the rate of PLHIV with depressive symptoms ranged from 12.8 to 78 % and the proportion of PLHIV who achieved good adherence (≥80 %) ranged from 20 to 98 %. There were no significant differences in rate of depressive symptoms in PLHIV by country income group; however, the proportion of PLHIV who achieved good adherence was significantly higher in lower-income countries (as defined in the 2012 World Bank Country Income Groups) (pooled rate = 86 %) compared to higher-income countries (pooled rate = 67.5 %; p < .05). We found that the likelihood of achieving good ART adherence was 42 % lower among those with depressive symptoms compared to those without (pooled OR = 0.58, 95 % CI 0.55 to 0.62). The relationship between depressive symptoms and adherence to ART was consistent across the country’s income group, study design and adherence rates. We found that the magnitude of the association significantly decreases with more recent publications and increasing study sample size. The higher the prevalence of depressive symptoms of PLHIV recruited in the studies, the lower the likelihood of achieving good adherence to ART. In conclusion, the likelihood of achieving good adherence was lower among those with depressive symptoms compared to those without.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Ms. Joyce Snyder, Pittsburgh University, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; and Ms. Debbie Harrison, Stellenbosch University, Department of Medicine and Center for Infectious Diseases, Cape Town, South Africa, for administrative support.

The US National Institutes for Allergy and Infectious Disease-National Institutes of Health (NIAID-NIH), AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG), Stellenbosch University (SU)-Clinical Trial Unit (CTU) Award: 2UM1AI069521-08 (J. B. N.); the US NIH-Fogarty International Center (FIC)/Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)/US President Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Grant Award, T84HA21652-01-00 for Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI) (J. B. N.); the European Developing Countries Clinical Trial Partnership (EDCTP) Senior Fellowship Award: TA-08-40200-021 (J. B. N.); the Wellcome Trust Southern Africa Consortium for Research Excellence (SACORE): WT087537MA (J. B. N.); FAS Marie Curie International Post Doc: 2012–0064 (O. A. U.); The MGH Global Psychiatric Clinical Research Training Program: NIH T32MH093310 (J. F. M); K24MH094214 (S. A. S.).

The agencies had no role in the conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; or preparation, review or approval of the manuscript. The conclusions and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the NIH, the US Department of Health and Human Services, PEPFAR, HRSA and the Wellcome Trust.

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Conflict of Interest

Olalekan A. Uthman, Jessica F. Magidson, Steven A. Safren, Jean B. Nachega declare that they have no conflict of interest

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Warwick-Centre for Applied Health Research and Delivery (WCARHD), Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

    Olalekan A. Uthman

  2. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, International Health Group, Liverpool, UK

    Olalekan A. Uthman

  3. Behavioral Medicine Service, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Jessica F. Magidson & Steven A. Safren

  4. The Chester M. Pierce, MD Division of Global Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Jessica F. Magidson

  5. Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Program, Pittsburgh University Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Jean B. Nachega

  6. Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Jean B. Nachega

  7. Department of Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa

    Jean B. Nachega

  8. Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, 503 Parran Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA

    Jean B. Nachega

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  1. Olalekan A. Uthman
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  2. Jessica F. Magidson
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Correspondence to Jean B. Nachega.

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O. A. U. and J. M. contributed equally to this work and fulfilled the criteria of joint first authorship.

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Uthman, O.A., Magidson, J.F., Safren, S.A. et al. Depression and Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in Low-, Middle- and High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 11, 291–307 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-014-0220-1

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