Table 4

Personal predictors of mental health outcomes (multivariable univariate analysis)

Predictor	Anxiety (GAD-7)		Depression (PHQ-9)		PTSD (IES-6)		Burnout DP		Burnout EE		Burnout PA
Predictor	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Female	1.18 (1.01 to 1.38)	0.031	1.31 (1.12 to 1.55)	0.001	1.40 (1.22 to 1.60)	0.001	0.63 (0.54 to 0.72)	0.001	1.23 (1.07 to 1.41)	0.003	1.02 (0.89 to 1.16)	0.770
Age (years)
20–30	1.93 (1.64 to 2.27)	0.001	1.55 (1.31 to 1.84)	0.001	1.72 (1.48 to 1.99)	0.001	2.72 (2.12 to 3.48)	0.001	2.29 (1.94 to 2.70)	0.001	0.82 (0.70 to 0.95)	0.012
31–40	1.31 (1.11 to 1.53)	0.001	1.12 (0.95 to 1.32)	0.163	1.19 (1.04 to 1.37)	0.010	1.69 (1.37 to 2.08)	0.001	1.39 (1.21 to 1.61)	0.001	0.76 (0.66 to 0.87)	0.001
41–50	1.21 (1.02 to 1.43)	0.028	1.23 (1.03 to 1.46)	0.019	1.03 (0.88 to 1.19)	0.680	1.36 (1.14 to 1.61)	0.001	1.32 (1.14 to 1.53)	0.001	0.90 (0.77 to 1.05)	0.183
Previous mental health condition	1.96 (1.74 to 2.20)	0.001	2.23 (1.98 to 2.50)	0.001	1.75 (1.57 to 1.95)	0.001	1.10 (0.98 to 1.24)	0.098	1.73 (1.53 to 1.96)	0.001	1.26 (1.13 to 1.41)	0.001
Experiencing family or friends infected with COVID-19	1.30 (1.15 to 1.46)	0.001	1.04 (0.92 to 1.18)	0.450	1.41 (1.26 to 1.57)	0.001	1.07 (0.96 to 1.20)	0.200	1.05 (0.93 to 1.18)	0.370	1.10 (0.98 to 1.23)	0.095
Experiencing worse relationships during the pandemic
With partner	1.97 (1.96 to 2.29)	0.001	1.96 (1.45 to 1.98)	0.001	1.50 (1.29 to 1.74)	0.001	1.37 (1.16 to 1.60)	0.001	1.57 (1.31 to 1.89)	0.001	N/A	-
With family	1.74 (1.51 to 2.00)	0.001	1.56 (1.35 to 1.80)	0.001	1.58 (1.38 to 1.81)	0.001	1.29 (1.11 to 1.49)	0.001	1.52 (1.29 to 1.80)	0.001	N/A	-
With friends	1.38 (1.22 to 1.57)	0.001	1.32 (1.16 to 1.51)	0.001	1.51 (1.35 to 1.70)	0.001	1.36 (1.20 to 1.54)	0.001	1.74 (1.52 to 2.00)	0.001	N/A	-
With colleagues	1.77 (1.52 to 2.06)	0.001	1.45 (1.24 to 1.70)	0.001	1.50 (1.30 to 1.73)	0.001	N/A	-	N/A	-	N/A	-
Concerns about income	1.96 (1.50 to 1.89)	0.001	1.29 (1.14 to 1.45)	0.001	1.56 (1.41 to 1.74)	0.001	N/A	-	N/A	-	N/A	-
Resilience	0.62 (0.57 to 0.67)	0.001	0.76 (0.70 to 0.83)	0.001	0.76 (0.70 to 0.82)	0.001	0.74 (0.68 to 0.80)	0.001	0.63 (0.55 to 0.65)	0.001	1.82 (1.68 to 1.97)	0.001

N/A=variable not included for that mental scale in the model because no relationship was observed in the univariate model.
Reference categories for each variable were as follows: gender=male; age=older than 50 years; pre-existing mental health conditions=negative response; experiencing family or friends infected with COVID-19=negative response; experiencing altered relationships with partner/family/friends/colleagues=no change; concerns about income=negative response.
Lower OR for personal accomplishment indicates poorer outcomes.
COVID-19, coronavirus disease; DP, depersonalisation; EE, emotional exhaustion; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7; IES-6, Impact of Events Scale-6; PA, personal accomplishment; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.