Table 1

Study-level characteristics of the articles included in the meta-analysis

Author (year)	Quality score	Study design	Country	Study period	Sample size	Male (%)	Mean/median age (years)
Hentzien et al (2018)15	8	Nested-case-control	France	2000–2013	34 308	88.9	45.38
Wang et al (2019)44	5	Cross-sectional	China	2015–2016	523	93.5	34.3
Wang et al (2018)45	6	Cross-sectional	China	2016 (Jul-Aug)	465	95.1	37.22
Walter and Petry (2016)31	7	Cross-sectional	USA	2016	170	61.2	42.9
Shim et al (2018)46	7	Cross-sectional	South Korea	2016–2017	195	89.1	48.6
Préau et al (2008)47	7	Cross-sectional	France	2003	2932	71.2	41
Passos et al (2014)48	9	Cross-sectional	Brazil	2012	211	47.9	40.1
Malbergier and de Andrade (2001)49	7	Cross-sectional	Brazil	n.r.	30	77	n.r.
Lopez et al (2018)50	7	Cross-sectional	USA	2012	648	60.5	40.8
Kelly et al (1998)51	8	Cross-sectional	Australia	n.r.	164	100	n.r.
Kalungi et al (2017)52	7	Cross-sectional	Uganda	2010–2012	555	23.6	n.r.
Kalichman et al (2000)53	4	Cross-sectional	USA	1998–1999	113	75.2	53.4
Lu et al (2018)54	8	Cross-sectional	China	2015–2016	113	99.1	n.r.
Grassi et al (2001)55	7	Cross-sectional	Italy	n.r.	81	77.7	31.72
Gielen et al (2005)56	6	Cross-sectional	USA	n.r.	115	0	n.r.
Ferlatte et al (2017)29	6	Cross-sectional	Canada	2015–2016	673	100	47.86
de Almeida et al (2016)57	7	Cross-sectional	Brazil	2007–2011	39	51.3	43
Cooperman and Simoni (2005)13	7	Cross-sectional	USA	n.r.	207	0	39.5
Cochand and Bovet (1998)58	6	Cross-sectional	Switzerland	1992–1993	65	100	n.r.
Carrieri et al (2017)59	9	Cross-sectional	France	2011–2012	2973	66.7	47.3
Quinlivan et al (2017)60	7	Cross-sectional	USA	2011–2012	4099	74.3	n.r.
van Haastrecht et al (1994)30	5	Prospective cohort	Netherlands	1984–1992	86	73	31.2
Roy (2003)61	6	Cross-sectional	USA	n.r.	149	79.9	44.4
Rodriguez et al (2019)27	4	Prospective cohort	South Africa	2014–2019	681	0	28.37
Protopoescu et al (2012)62	6	Prospective cohort	France	1997–1999	1095	77.7	37.6
Kreniske et al (2019)63	4	Prospective cohort	USA	2003–2012	206	45	22.8
Keiser et al (2010)64	8	Prospective cohort	Switzerland	1998–2008	15 275	71	n.r.
Heckman et al (2002)65	7	Cross-sectional	USA	1999–2000	201	75.6	39.8
Dannenberg et al (1996)66	6	Prospective cohort	USA	1985–1993	4147	92	24
Sherr (1995)67	6	Prospective cohort	UK	1995	188	88.8	n.r.
Yann Ruffieux et al (2019)28	8	Retrospective cohort	Switzerland	1988–2017	20 136	72.4	34.8
Scheer et al (2001)11	7	Cross-sectional	USA	1995–1997	176	89	41
Rice et al (2010)68	7	Cross-sectional	UK	1981–2008	95 075	87	28.7
Quintana-Ortiz et al (2008)69	6	Retrospective cohort	USA	2000–2004	717	67.7	40.69
Paparizos et al (2017)70	6	Retrospective cohort	Greece	1992–2012	1884	96	36.64
May et al (2004)71	9	Cross-sectional	France	2000	149	74	41
Marzuk et al (1997)10	7	Cross-sectional	USA	1991–1993	133	87	40
Jovet-Toledo et al (2014)72	8	Cross-sectional	USA	2010–2012	427	65.3	47.7
Gurm et al (2015)73	6	Retrospective cohort	Canada	1996–2012	82	78	42
O’Donnell et al (2016)74	7	Retrospective cohort	USA	2011–2014	289	70.6	45

n.r., not reported.