Covariate | PR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) |
Sex | ||
Female | Ref | |
Male | 1.55 (0.75 to 3.18) | |
Age group | ||
≤17 | Ref | |
18+ | 0.85 (0.41 to 1.73) | |
Grade | ||
SHS 4 | Ref | Ref |
SHS 1 | 1.28 (0.35 to 4.65) | 2.11 (0.74 to 6.01) |
SHS 2 | 2.12 (1.28 to 3.49)** | 2.77 (1.26 to 6.07)* |
SHS 3 | 0.98 (0.43 to 2.21) | 1.14 (0.44 to 2.91) |
Experience of hunger | ||
No | Ref | |
Yes | 2.14 (0.68 to 6.72) | |
Bullying victimisation | ||
No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 2.55 (1.42 to 4.57)** | 1.54 (0.77 to 3.07) |
Experience insomnia | ||
No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 2.28 (1.25 to 4.15)** | 0.90 (0.42 to 1.92) |
Close friends | ||
3+ friends | Ref | |
None | 1.58 (0.79 to 3.15) | |
1 friend | 0.84 (0.35 to 2.00) | |
2 friends | 1.45 (0.73 to 2.87) | |
Weekly smoking exposure | ||
Never | Ref | Ref |
1–2 | 2.01 (1.01 to 4.02)* | 1.25 (0.49 to 3.15) |
3+ | 6.67 (4.01 to 10.11)*** | 2.32 (1.11 to 4.85)* |
Parent smoker | ||
No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 4.87 (3.01 to 7.86)*** | 2.07 (2.15 to 3.43)** |
Alcohol intake | ||
No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 6.99 (3.59 to 13.64)*** | 3.12 (1.30 to 7.47)* |
Truancy | ||
No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 4.00 (2.52 to 6.33)*** | 3.48 (1.76 to 6.89)*** |
Social support at school | ||
No | Ref | |
Yes | 1.23 (0.53 to 2.39) | |
Loneliness | ||
No | Ref | |
Yes | 1.12 (0.76 to 1.66) | |
Homework checking by parents | ||
No | Ref | |
Yes | 1.35 (0.61 to 2.98) | |
Engaging in physical fights | ||
No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 3.67 (2.05 to 6.59)*** | 1.85 (0.75 to 4.55) |
aPR is adjusted prevalence ratio from Poisson regression; p value indication: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001; Ref denotes Reference category used for inferences.
GSHS, Global School-Based Student Health Survey; SHS, senior high school.