Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with psychological problems
| Variable | Anxiety† | Depression‡ | Insomnia§ | Overall psychological problems¶ |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Annual household income (¥) (reference: <50 000) | ||||
| 50 000–99 999 | – | 0.77 (0.56 to 1.07) | – | – |
| 100 000–300 000 | – | 0.64 (0.46 to 0.89)** | – | – |
| >300 000 | – | 0.34 (0.19 to 0.63)*** | – | – |
| Regular exercise (reference: no) | ||||
| Yes | – | 0.51 (0.37 to 0.70)*** | – | 0.62 (0.48 to 0.80)*** |
| Smoking (reference: no) | ||||
| Yes | – | – | 1.70 (0.98 to 2.94) | – |
| Drinking (reference: no) | ||||
| Yes | – | – | 2.43 (1.29 to 4.55)** | 2.06 (1.26 to 3.36)** |
| Attention to type of pandemic information (reference: positive) | ||||
| Neutral | 1.38 (1.04 to 1.83)* | 1.50 (1.14 to 1.97)** | 1.45 (1.00 to 2.09) | 1.41 (1.12 to 1.78)** |
| Negative | 1.59 (0.89 to 2.85) | 2.49 (1.48 to 4.18)** | 3.34 (1.84 to 6.06)*** | 1.81 (1.11 to 2.94)* |
| Did you receive negative feedback from your families or friends who join front-line work? (reference: no) | ||||
| Yes | 2.53 (1.50 to 4.26)** | 2.96 (1.73 to 5.06)*** | 3.47 (1.95 to 6.17)*** | 2.38 (1.46 to 3.87)** |
| Did you participate in front-line work? (reference: no) | ||||
| Yes | 2.12 (1.49 to 3.02)*** | – | 1.90 (1.21 to 2.97)** | 1.85 (1.35 to 2.54)*** |
| If given a free choice, did you want to join front-line work? (reference: willing) | ||||
| Uncertain | 1.33 (0.98 to 1.81) | 1.47 (1.10 to 1.97)** | 0.99 (0.64 to 1.51) | 1.49 (1.15 to 1.93)** |
| Unwilling | 2.57 (1.50 to 4.43)** | 2.38 (1.39 to 4.06)** | 3.39 (1.86 to 6.17)*** | 2.36 (1.44 to 3.85)** |
| R2 | 4.60% | 7.30% | 8.40% | 6.30% |
*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
†GAD-7 score ≥10 indicates anxiety.
‡PHQ-9 score ≥10 indicates depression.
§ISI score ≥15 indicates insomnia.
¶Met the criteria in † or ‡ or §.
GAD-7, Seven-Item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; PHQ-9, Nine-Item Patient Health Questionnaire.