Univariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with psychological problems
| Variable | Anxiety† | Depression‡ | Insomnia§ | Overall psychological problems¶ | ||||
| OR (95% CI) | R2 | OR (95% CI) | R2 | OR (95% CI) | R2 | OR (95% CI) | R2 | |
| Gender | 0 | 0 | 0.50% | 0 | ||||
| Male | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Female | 1.02 (0.77 to 1.35) | 0.99 (0.76 to 1.30) | 0.69 (0.49 to 0.97)* | 0.99 (0.79 to 1.24) | ||||
| Ethnicity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Han Chinese | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Other | 1.04 (0.72 to 1.51) | 1.08 (0.76 to 1.54) | 0.94 (0.58 to 1.53) | 1.00 (0.73 to 1.37) | ||||
| Annual household income (¥) | 0 | 0.80% | 0.20% | 0.30% | ||||
| <50 000 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| 50 000–99 999 | 1.07 (0.76 to 1.53) | 0.79 (0.58 to 1.09) | 0.90 (0.58 to 1.39) | 0.92 (0.70 to 1.23) | ||||
| 100 000–300 000 | 1.00 (0.70 to 1.43) | 0.72 (0.52 to 0.99)* | 0.89 (0.58 to 1.39) | 0.81 (0.61 to 1.09) | ||||
| >300 000 | 1.01 (0.60 to 1.71) | 0.45 (0.25 to 0.80)** | 0.60 (0.28 to 1.27) | 0.67 (0.43 to 1.07) | ||||
| Region in China | 0.40% | 0.40% | 0.40% | 0.30% | ||||
| East | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Central | 1.39 (0.97 to 1.99) | 1.34 (0.95 to 1.90) | 1.15 (0.72 to 1.83) | 1.25 (0.92 to 1.71) | ||||
| West | 0.98 (0.72 to 1.32) | 0.99 (0.74 to 1.33) | 0.86 (0.58 to 1.27) | 1.02 (0.79 to 1.31) | ||||
| Northeast | 1.28 (0.75 to 2.19) | 1.47 (0.90 to 2.41) | 1.50 (0.80 to 2.79) | 1.48 (0.96 to 2.29) | ||||
| Regular exercise | 0.20% | 1.90% | 0.30% | 1.10% | ||||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 0.82 (0.61 to 1.09) | 0.49 (0.36 to 0.66)*** | 0.75 (0.52 to 1.10) | 0.61 (0.47 to 0.78)*** | ||||
| Smoking | 0 | 0.20% | 0.50% | 0.20% | ||||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 1.13 (0.70 to 1.82) | 1.37 (0.89 to 2.12) | 1.79 (1.06 to 3.00)* | 1.35 (0.92 to 1.98) | ||||
| Drinking | 0.20% | 0.10% | 1.00% | 0.40% | ||||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 1.58 (0.89 to 2.79) | 1.28 (0.72 to 2.30) | 2.72 (1.50 to 4.94)** | 1.82 (1.13 to 2.92)* | ||||
| Attention to pandemic information | 0.10% | 0.10% | 0 | 0.10% | ||||
| Never/seldom | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Often/always | 1.34 (0.67 to 2.70) | 1.34 (0.69 to 2.60) | 0.97 (0.44 to 2.12) | 1.27 (0.72 to 2.22) | ||||
| Attention to type of pandemic information | 1.20% | 2.40% | 2.90% | 1.80% | ||||
| Positive | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Neutral | 1.54 (1.18 to 2.01)** | 1.69 (1.31 to 2.19)*** | 1.56 (1.10 to 2.21)* | 1.60 (1.28 to 2.00)*** | ||||
| Negative | 2.10 (1.21 to 3.66)** | 3.30 (2.02 to 5.39)*** | 4.69 (2.69 to 8.18)*** | 2.45 (1.54 to 3.91)*** | ||||
| Did you receive negative feedback from your families or friends who join front-line work? | 1.60% | 1.20% | 2.80% | 1.30% | ||||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 3.33 (2.02 to 5.51)*** | 2.95 (1.78 to 4.86)*** | 4.82 (2.80 to 8.31)*** | 2.91 (1.82 to 4.64)*** | ||||
| Anyone close to you suspected of being infected or confirmed to be infected? | 0.20% | 0.30% | 0.60% | 0.20% | ||||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 1.57 (0.95 to 2.58) | 1.57 (0.97 to 2.54) | 2.07 (1.17 to 3.65)* | 1.47 (0.96 to 2.27) | ||||
| Did you participate in front-line work? | 1.40% | 0.30% | 1.10% | 1.00% | ||||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 2.11 (1.50 to 2.98)*** | 1.43 (0.99 to 2.05) | 2.04 (1.33 to 3.13)** | 1.84 (1.36 to 2.49)*** | ||||
| Were you suspected of being infected or confirmed to be infected during front-line work? | 0.50% | 1.10% | 0.10% | 0.40% | ||||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 1.38 (0.70 to 2.71) | 0.60 (0.26 to 1.37) | 0.83 (0.34 to 2.04) | 1.31 (0.71 to 2.43) | ||||
| If given a free choice, did you want to join front-line work? | 1.40% | 2.20% | 2.30% | 1.90% | ||||
| Willing | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Uncertain | 1.37 (1.02 to 1.85)* | 1.68 (1.28 to 2.22)*** | 1.02 (0.68 to 1.54) | 1.58 (1.24 to 2.02)*** | ||||
| Unwilling | 2.99 (1.78 to 5.04)*** | 3.21 (1.93 to 5.31)*** | 4.26 (2.44 to 7.46)*** | 2.91 (1.81 to 4.65)*** | ||||
*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
†GAD-7 score ≥10 indicates anxiety.
‡PHQ-9 score ≥10 indicates depression.
§ISI score ≥15 indicates insomnia.
¶Met the criteria in † or ‡ or §.
GAD-7, Seven-Item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; PHQ-9, Nine-Item Patient Health Questionnaire; ref, reference.