Table 3

Regression analysis of associated factors on bystanders’ behaviours in cyberbullying

	Bystanders’ behaviours (dependent variables)
	Intervene		Ignore		Join in
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Females	1.596 (1.089 to 2.339)	0.017*	1.102 (0.743 to 1.634)	0.628	0.853 (0.562 to 1.293)	0.453
Age	0.985 (0.875 to 1.110)	0.807	1.016 (0.898 to 1.149)	0.798	1.104 (0.968 to 1.258)	0.139
Victims	2.144 (1.382 to 3.325)	0.001**	0.809 (0.512 to 1.278)	0.364	1.099 (0.677 to 1.783)	0.702
Bullies	1.446 (0.934 to 2.240)	0.098	0.611 (0.387 to 0.964)	0.034*	4.067 (2.434 to 6.798)	<0.001***
Friends	2.075 (1.215 to 3.542)	0.007**	0.849 (0.519 to 1.388)	0.513	0.730 (0.417 to 1.275)	0.269
General	2.444 (1.075 to 5.558)	0.033*	4.565 (1.580 to 13.187)	0.005**	1.623 (0.693 to 3.798)	0.264
Attitude	1.276 (0.992 to 1.640)†	0.058	1.977 (1.524 to 2.566)‡	<0.001***	1.885 (1.427 to 2.490)§	<0.001***
Norms	1.686 (1.149 to 2.474)¶	0.008**	1.607 (1.093 to 2.364)††	0.016*	1.310 (0.771 to 2.225)‡‡	0.318
Attachment	1.029 (1.004 to 1.053)	0.022*	0.997 (0.973 to 1.023)	0.835	0.983 (0.957 to 1.009)	0.207
Self-esteem	0.969 (0.925 to 1.015)	0.187	1.002 (0.956 to 1.050)	0.928	0.999 (0.947 to 1.054)	0.97
Constant	0.009	<0.001***	0.025	0.006**	0.032	0.013

Victims=victims’ experience. Bullies=bullies’ experience. Friends=cyberbullying happening to friends and relatives. General=cyberbullying happening to general public.
*p<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.05.
†Attitude towards intervening.
‡Attitude towards ignoring.
§Attitude towards joining in the cyberbullying.
¶Perceived norm of intervening.
††Perceived norm of ignoring.
‡‡Perceived norm of joining in the cyberbullying.