Demographic data, cyberbullying experience, perceived norms of bystanders’ behaviours and p value of χ2 analysis (n=578)
| Intervene (n=200)† | Ignore (n=162)† | Join in (n=152)† | Total | |||||||
| Intervene n (%) | Others n (%)‡ | P value | Ignore n (%) | Others n (%)‡ | P value | Join in n (%) | Others n (%)‡ | P value | ||
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male | 66 (33.3) | 175 (46.3) | 0.002** | 67 (41.4) | 174 (41.8) | 0.918 | 70 (46.1) | 171 (40.1) | 0.204 | 241 |
| Female | 134 (66.7) | 203 (53.7) | 95 (58.6) | 242 (58.2) | 82 (53.9) | 255 (59.9) | 337 | |||
| Class | ||||||||||
| Junior | 83 (41.5) | 171 (45.2) | 0.389 | 73 (45.1) | 181 (43.5) | 0.736 | 57 (37.5) | 197 (46.2) | 0.071 | 254 |
| Senior | 117 (58.5) | 207 (63.9) | 89 (54.9) | 235 (46.5) | 95 (62.5) | 229 (53.8) | 324 | |||
| Main caregiver | ||||||||||
| Parents | 175 (87.5) | 326 (86.2) | 0.672 | 144 (88.9) | 357 (85.8) | 0.329 | 134 (88.2) | 367 (86.2) | 0.532 | 501 |
| Others | 25 (12.5) | 52 (13.8) | 18 (11.1) | 59 (14.2) | 18 (11.8) | 59 (13.8) | 77 | |||
| Parental status | ||||||||||
| Together | 153 (76.5) | 276 (73) | 0.362 | 125 (77.2) | 304 (73.1) | 0.313 | 116 (76.3) | 313 (73.5) | 0.492 | 429 |
| Widow | 47 (23.5) | 102 (27) | 37 (22.8) | 112 (26.9) | 36 (23.7) | 113 (26.5) | 149 | |||
| Cyberbullying experience | ||||||||||
| Victims§ | 137 (68.5) | 172 (45.5) | <0.001*** | 76 (46.9) | 233 (56) | 0.049* | 106 (69.7) | 203 (47.7) | <0.001*** | 309 |
| 63 (31.5) | 206 (54.5) | 86 (53.1) | 183 (44) | 46 (30.3) | 223 (52.3) | 269 | ||||
| Bullies§ | 131 (65.5) | 173 (45.8) | <0.001*** | 70 (43.2) | 234 (56.2) | 0.005** | 121 (79.6) | 183 (43) | <0.001*** | 304 |
| 69 (34.5) | 205 (54.2) | 92 (56.8) | 182 (43.8) | 31 (20.4) | 243 (57) | 274 | ||||
| Friends¶ | 178 (89) | 292 (77.2) | 0.001*** | 125 (77.2) | 345 (82.9) | 0.11 | 128 (84.2) | 342 (80.3) | 0.286 | 470 |
| 22 (11) | 86 (22.8) | 37 (22.8) | 71 (17.1) | 24 (15.8) | 84 (19.7) | 108 | ||||
| General¶ | 192 (96) | 339 (89.7) | 0.008** | 158 (97.5) | 373 (89.7) | 0.002** | 144 (94.7) | 387 (90.8) | 0.132 | 531 |
| 8 (4) | 39 (10.3) | 4 (2.5) | 43 (10.3) | 8 (5.3) | 39 (9.2) | 47 | ||||
| Perceived norms | ||||||||||
| Intervene†† | 92 (46) | 133 (35.2) | 0.011* | 225 | ||||||
| 108 (54) | 245 (64.8) | 353 | ||||||||
| Ignore†† | 89 (54.9) | 167 (40.1) | 0.001** | 256 | ||||||
| 73 (45.1) | 249 (59.9) | 322 | ||||||||
| Join in†† | 30 (19.7) | 67 (15.7) | 0.256 | 97 | ||||||
| 122 (80.3) | 359 (84.3) | 481 | ||||||||
Parents=mother/father as caregiver. Together=parents live together. Widow=divorced or mother/father deceased. Victims=victims’ experience. Bullies=bullies’ experience. Friends=cyberbullying happening to friends and relatives. General=cyberbullying happening to general public.
***p<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.05.
†The total number of participants in intervening, ignoring and joining in cyberbullying groups can exceed the total number of participants (n=578) because one participant can be grouped into more than one behaviour group.
‡Other participants means those who cannot be grouped under that grouping behaviour (eg, for intervening group, others are participants who ignore or join in cyberbullying, in some cases, it means those who cannot be grouped in any group).
§Experience of being victims or bullies. The blank space under ‘victims’ and ‘bullies’ rows means participants who never have been victims and bullies, respectively.
¶Known of cyberbullying happening to friends/relatives or to general public. The blank spaces under them were participants who never had these experiences.
††Participants who report have perceived norms of general public’s view on personal behaviour when confronting cyberbullying as intervening, ignoring or joining in cyberbullying. The line under each perceived norm is the participant who reports others perceive norms.