Table 1

Systematic-summarised studies of HMGB1-mediated inflammation in depressive-like animal models

StudyAnimal modelsBiomarkers of inflammationBehavioursAntidepressants-like target
Fu et al
(2019)
CUMS↑ HMGB, ↑ proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β)↓ Sucrose preference, ↑ immobility time in tail suspension test and forced swimming test and ↓ crossing numbers in open field test;Antidepressants-like hesperidin: inhibited inflammatory processes through HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB signalling pathways
Liu et al
(2019)
CUMS↑ HMGB, ↑ TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β↓Sucrose preference, ↑immobility time in tail suspension test and forced swimming testAntidepressants-like baicalin: inhibited inflammatory processes through HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathways
Wang et al
(2018)
CUMSCUMS: ↑ Gene expression of enzymes (IDO, KMO, KYNU) in KP; HMGB1 inhibitor: prevent the activated enzymes↓ Sucrose preference, ↑ immobility time in tail suspension test and ↓ central distance in open field testCUMS+HMGB1 inhibitor: prevented the activated enzymes in KP
Lian et al
(2017)
CUMS↑ Serum HMGB1; ↑ HMGB1 expression in cerebral cortex; ↑ TNF-α in hippocampus↓ Sucrose preference and ↑ immobility time in tail suspension test
Wang et al
(2017)
CUMSCUMS: ↑ Gene expression of enzymes (IDO, KMO, KYNU) in KP; ↑ Serum HMGB1; ↑ TNF-α and IFN-γCUMS: ↓ Sucrose preference and ↓ performance on Barnes maze test HMGB1 inhibitor: reduced activation of enzymes in KP
Frankin et al
(2017)
CUS↑ Regulation of HMGB1 messenger RNA, ↑ regulation of RAGE messenger RNA in hippocampus microglia↓ Sucrose preference
Cheng et al (2016)Inescapable foot shocks↑ HMGB1 in hippocampus; ↑ TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-1β in hippocampus↑ Escape failuresInvolved in GSK3-dependent TLR4 signalling
  • CUMS, chronic unpredictable mild stress; CUS, chronic unpredictable stress; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase-3; HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IL-1β, interleukin 1β; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-12, interleukin 12; KMO, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase; KP, kynurenine pathway; KYNU, kynurenines; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; TLR4, toll-like receptor ; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α; rHMGB1, human recombinant HMGB1.