Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis
| Study | N (nFES/nHC) | Subjects with FES | Healthy controls | ||||||
| Diagnostic criteria | Male (%) | Age (years) | Education (years) | Duration (months) | Male (%) | Age (years) | Education (years) | ||
| Liang et al75 | 32 (12/20) | ICD-10 | 33.3 | 22.00 | 13.4 (1.9) | 7.0 | 35.00 | 23.50 | 12.5 (3.1) |
| Jiang et al45 | 46 (24/22) | ICD-10 | 45.8 | 15.3 (2.5) | 7.2 (3.9) | 6.0 | 54.55 | 14.8 (2.9) | 8.3 (2.2) |
| Li et al84 | 93 (48/45) | CCMD-3 | 62.5 | 25.9 (9.3) | 10.6 (2.6) | NR | 57.78 | 27.2 (11.9) | 11.3 (3.6) |
| Ai and Chen46 | 122 (60/62) | CCMD-3 | 65.0 | 20.8 (7.9) | NR | NR | 61.29 | NR | NR |
| Chen et al47 | 151 (79/72) | DSM-IV | NR | 13.8 (1.45) | NR | 4.16 (1.86) | 41.67 | 13.79 (1.71) | NR |
| Liu et al48 | 240 (120/120) | CCMD-3 | 50.0 | 23 (10.2) | 12.3 (3.1) | 8 (7.4) | 51.67 | 22 (9.8) | 14.7 (2.6) |
| Yang49 | 204 (102/102) | DSM-IV | 62.7 | 23.8 (3.4) | NR | NR | 56.86 | 23.5 (3.1) | NR |
| Shi et al27 | 60 (37/23) | ICD-10 | 48.6 | 15.35 (1.53) | NR | NR | 39.13 | 15.22 (1.53) | NR |
| Zhao et al66 | 57 (20/37) | ICD-10 | 55.0 | 21.45 (6.6) | 10.95 (2.50) | NR | 59.46 | 20.41 (6.126) | 12.57 (2.41) |
| Xiao et al85 | 60 (30/30) | DSM-IV | 50.0 | 23.5 (2.9) | 12.3 (3.1) | NR | 50.00 | 23.25 (4.21) | 12.6 (2.03) |
| Chen et al28 | 99 (49/50) | DSM-IV | 49.0 | 26.7 (8.5) | 12.3 (1.45) | 31.3 (14.1) | 48.00 | 32.6 (9.3) | 12.1 (1.8) |
| Yao and Hu30 | 158 (83/75) | ICD-10 | 77.1 | 23.15 (3.87) | 12.7 (1.95) | 6.48 (1.32) | 73.33 | 25.23 (7.55) | 15.21 (2.62) |
| Hu etal50 | 154 (92/62) | DSM-IV | 65.2 | 21.19 (3.39) | 11(2) | NR | 59.68 | 21.89 (2.86) | 10.83 (1.49) |
| Zhang et al67 | 60 (30/30) | DSM-IV | 50.0 | 22.8 (4.2) | 12.4 (1.5) | NR | 50.00 | 23.8 (4.0) | 12.5 (1.8) |
| Liu et al52 | 155 (75/80) | DSM-IV | 54.7 | 23(3) | 12.6 (2.8) | 9 (11) | 60.00 | 23(3) | 14(2) |
| Zhang et al67 | 54 (25/29) | DSM-IV | 44.0 | 15.3 (1.7) | 8.7 (1.7) | 5.6 (4.5) | 44.83 | 15.5 (1.5) | 8.6 (1.5) |
| He et al53 | 148 (73/75) | DSM-IV | 58.9 | 24.05 (3.52) | 14.52 (3.16) | NR | 53.33 | 24.12 (3.48) | 14.38 (3.09) |
| Han et al43 | 82 (42/40) | DSM-IV | 28.6 | 20.5 (3.4) | 12.6 (2.6) | NR | 37.50 | 20.2 (1.9) | 13.0 (1.3) |
| Yang et al54 | 133 (79/54) | CCMD-3 | 39.2 | 32.39 (11.2) | 12.68 (3.06) | NR | 27.78 | 32.24 (2.16) | 13.54 (2.16) |
| Zhang et al55 | 68 (41/27) | DSM-IV | 46.3 | 25(7) | 13.2 (2.6) | NR | 55.56 | 26(5) | 13.9 (3.3) |
| Chen et al56 | 102 (52/50) | ICD-10 | 55.8 | 27.23 (9.36) | 13.13 (3.21) | NR | 52.00 | 28.35 (8.52) | 12.67 (2.94) |
| Ma et al57 | 97 (52/45) | DSM-IV | 42.3 | NR | NR | NR | 53.33 | NR | NR |
| Qi59 | 80 (40/40) | DSM-IV | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Chen et al56 | 60 (30/30) | ICD-10 | 53.3 | 23.85 (4.13) | 10.92 (1.98) | NR | 50.00 | 29.94 (4.08) | 11.63 (1.89) |
| Wei41 | 120 (60/60) | DSM-IV | 63.3 | 22.82 (6.56) | 11.67 (2.83) | NR | 56.67 | 20.97 (5.33) | 11.82 (2.45) |
| Chen et al47 | 210 (145/65) | DSM-IV | 51.7 | 28.5 (9.3) | 13 (3.4) | 18.5 (17.5) | 53.85 | 27.6 (7.4) | 12.6 (2.9) |
| Huang et al31 | 101 (58/43) | ICD-10 | 50.0 | 22.66 (7.64) | 11.41 (2.73) | 15.14 (20.01) | 37.21 | 23.07 (7.49) | 12.65 (3.81) |
| Wu etal32 | 203 (79/124) | DSM-IV | 54.4 | 25.7 (7.8) | 12.7 (3.2) | NR | 52.42 | 44.7 (8.8) | 11.8 (3.4) |
| Zeng et al33 | 116 (55/61) | DSM-IV | 40.0 | 25 (6.36) | 12.65 (2.89) | NR | 45.90 | 25.33 (6.27) | 12.74 (2.77) |
| An et al34 | 60 (30/30) | DSM-IV | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Chan et al61 | 138 (78/60) | DSM-IV | 62.8 | 28.5 (9.8) | 10.8 (2.5) | 8.2 (14.5) | 31.67 | 28.5 (9.8) | 10.8±2.5 |
| Chen etal35 | 132 (102/30) | DSM-IV | 47.1 | 27.37 (8.85) | 12.53 (3.85) | NR | 46.67 | 26.9 (5.2) | 12.8 (3.8) |
| Guo et al62 | 92 (51/41) | DSM-IV | 64.7 | 22.5 (4.1) | 11.4 (3.3) | 8.4 (6.8) | 80.49 | 22.8 (3.9) | 11.9 (2.7) |
| He et al63 | 152 (80/72) | DSM-IV | 66.3 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Hou et al64 | 80 (40/40) | ICD-10 | 60.0 | 26.4 (6.5) | 8.6 (2) | NR | 47.50 | 24.4±5.1 | 10.9 (2.2) |
| Hu etal50 | 112 (56/62) | CCMD-3 | 66.1 | 21.19 (3.39) | 10.89 (1.76) | 10.18 (6.76) | 67.74 | 22 (4) | 11 (1) |
| Wang et al40 | 80 (40/40) | DSM-IV | 43.9 | 23.15 (7.52) | 11.82 (3.84) | NR | 47.63 | 34.54 (3.21) | 10.56 (3.80) |
| Chen et al36 | 78 (42/36) | DSM-IV | 42.8 | 25.21 (6.20) | 12.22 (2.76) | 16.1 (5.4) | 58.30 | 26.47 (4.40) | 14.17 (2.10) |
| Liu etal37 | 116 (44/72) | DSM-IV | 70.5 | 23.5 (4.4) | 11.9 (3.2) | NR | 59.70 | 24.0 (2.9) | 16.0 (2.3) |
| Dong76 | 72 (42/30) | ICD-10 | 61.9 | 27.02 (8.35) | 11.43 (2.68) | NR | 53.30 | 29.23 (5.52) | 12.23 (1.79) |
| Fu68 [68 | 60 (30/30) | DSM-IV/ICD-10 | 43.3 | 23.03 (3.64) | 11.83 (3.15) | 11.23 (5.47) | 40.00 | 24.90 (3.83) | 12.17 (2.73) |
| Ge et al83 | 60 (30/30) | ICD-10 | 53.3 | 25.23 (4.17) | 13.73 (2.18) | 6.49 (2.54) | NR | NR | NR |
| Hao et al38 | 60 (30/30) | ICD-10 | 56.7 | 15.41 (1.96) | NR | NR | 56.70 | 15.57 (1.25) | NR |
| Hu et al72 | 80 (42/38) | DSM-IV-TR | 64.3 | 24.9 (4.8) | 10.5 (2.8) | 8.4 (2.6) | 65.80 | 24.8 (4.6) | 11.1 (2.9) |
| Liu39 | 192 (142/50) | DSM-5 and PANSS ≥60 | 49.3 | 23.94 (5.5) | 12.24 (2.88) | 6.27 (3.83) | 52.00 | 23.7 (4.9) | 12.7 (3.6) |
| Yu69 [69 | 114 (55/59) | ICD-10 | 52.7 | 20.91 (4.87) | 12 (6) | 2 (11) | 37.30 | 22.34 (4.06) | 12 (4) |
| Zhang et al42 | 83 (38/45) | ICD-10 | NR | 25.2 (6.0) | 10.1 (2.7) | NR | NR | 25.2 (5.3) | 10.1 (3.0) |
| Zhang etal42 | 64 (28/38) | DSM-IV | 50.0 | 21.9 (4.0) | 12.8 (2.6) | NR | 42.10 | 24.1 (4.4) | 13.9 (2.6) |
| Zhang44 | 61 (32/29) | DSM-IV | 68.8 | 22.7 (4.0) | 13.1 (2.4) | 10.3 (8.9) | 58.60 | 22.1 (3.6) | 13.8 (2.8) |
| Zhao81 | 109 (50/59) | ICD-10 and PANSS ≥60 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Zhou77 | 186 (93/93) | ICD-10 | 33.3 | 25.5 (6.2) | 12.0 (2.2) | 10 (median） | 23.70 | 27.6 (2.7) | 12.6 (1.4) |
| Liang et al70 | 293 (98/195) | DSM-IV | 43.9 | 23.29 (6.79) | 11.80 (2.66) | 19.83 (28.81) | 51.30 | 23.10 (5.45) | 12.18 (2.91) |
| Zhou et al79 | 98 (47/51) | DSM-IV | 59.6 | 25.5 (6.5) | 14.1 (1.8) | 12.8 (11.7) | 42.90 | 24.3 (4.7) | 16.1 (2.6) |
| Zhou et al80 | 49 (32/17) | DSM-IV | 59.4 | 26.2 (8.1) | 13.5 (2.2) | NR | 76.50 | 25.5 (5.6) | 12.6 (2.3) |
| Zhou et al78 | 93 (51/42) | DSM-IV | 64.7 | 25.4 (6.8) | 13.7 (2.2) | 13.2 (11.7) | 42.90 | 24.3 (4.7) | 16.1 (2.6) |
| Wang.40 | 205 (125/80) | DSM-IV and PANSS ≥60 | 49.0 | 23 (7) | 12 (3) | 6 (3) | 52.00 | 24 (4) | 13 (3) |
| Sum | 6184 (3220/2972) | ||||||||
CCMD-3, Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders, Third Edition; DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; FES, first-episode schizophrenia; HC, health control;ICD-10, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision; NR, not reported; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.