Table 2

The relationship between dietary thiamine intake and cognitive decline*

Thiamine intake, mg/day	n	Mean (SD)	Model 1			Model 2
Thiamine intake, mg/day	n	Mean (SD)	β (95% CI)	P value	P-BH	β (95% CI)	P value	P-BH
Decline rate in global cognitive scores, points/5 years
Group 1
<0.40	30	2.63 (13.14)	0.61 (−2.95 to 4.18)	0.736	0.736	0.98 (−2.95 to 4.92)	0.625	0.625
[0.40, 0.60)	284	3.26 (11.10)	0.69 (−0.64 to 2.03)	0.310	0.466	1.08 (−0.37 to 2.53)	0.144	0.216
[0.60, 0.80)	843	2.32 (10.76)	Ref			Ref
[0.80, 1.00)	905	1.84 (10.52)	0.17 (−0.77 to 1.11)	0.727	0.736	0.45 (−0.57 to 1.48)	0.386	0.463
[1.00, 1.20)	547	2.15 (11.95)	1.17 (0.00 to 2.34)	0.049	0.099	1.58 (0.30 to 2.86)	0.015	0.031
[1.20, 1.40)	269	2.99 (10.98)	2.19 (0.66 to 3.73)	0.005	0.031	3.51 (1.82 to 5.21)	<0.001	<0.001
≥1.40	228	1.48 (12.55)	2.08 (0.22 to 3.93)	0.028	0.085	3.25 (1.18 to 5.33)	0.002	0.006
R²			0.269			0.312
Group 2
<0.60	314	3.20 (11.29)	0.62 (−0.64 to 1.88)	0.334	0.334	0.91 (−0.46 to 2.28)	0.194	0.194
[0.60, 1.00)	1748	2.07 (10.63)	Ref			Ref
[1.00, 1.20)	547	2.15 (11.95)	1.07 (0.08 to 2.06)	0.034	0.051	1.29 (0.22 to 2.36)	0.018	0.027
≥1.20	497	2.30 (11.74)	2.02 (0.79 to 3.24)	0.001	0.004	3.05 (1.70 to 4.41)	<0.001	<0.001
R²			0.269			0.312
Decline rate in composite cognitive scores, SU/5 years
Group 1
<0.40	30	0.39 (1.72)	0.11 (−0.36 to 0.58)	0.640	0.685	0.14 (−0.37 to 0.66)	0.586	0.586
[0.40, 0.60)	284	0.47 (1.50)	0.11 (−0.06 to 0.29)	0.203	0.304	0.15 (−0.04 to 0.34)	0.113	0.170
[0.60, 0.80)	843	0.33 (1.40)	Ref			Ref
[0.80, 1.00)	905	0.27 (1.37)	0.03 (−0.10 to 0.15)	0.685	0.685	0.06 (−0.07 to 0.19)	0.382	0.459
[1.00, 1.20)	547	0.30 (1.53)	0.13 (−0.02 to 0.29)	0.089	0.194	0.19 (0.02 to 0.36)	0.026	0.051
[1.20, 1.40)	269	0.38 (1.38)	0.23 (0.03 to 0.43)	0.026	0.157	0.39 (0.17 to 0.62)	<0.001	0.003
≥1.40	228	0.19 (1.62)	0.21 (−0.04 to 0.45)	0.097	0.194	0.36 (0.09 to 0.63)	0.010	0.030
R²			0.255			0.296
Group 2
<0.60	314	0.46 (1.52)	0.10 (−0.06 to 0.27)	0.219	0.219	0.13 (−0.05 to 0.31)	0.153	0.153
[0.60, 1.00)	1748	0.30 (1.38)	Ref			Ref
[1.00, 1.20)	547	0.30 (1.53)	0.12 (−0.01 to 0.25)	0.076	0.113	0.15 (0.01 to 0.29)	0.033	0.049
≥1.20	497	0.29 (1.50)	0.20 (0.04 to 0.36)	0.014	0.043	0.33 (0.15 to 0.51)	<0.001	<0.001
R²			0.255			0.296

p values less than 0.05 are shown in bold.
*Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, global score, as well as the intakes of carbohydrate, protein and fat. Model 2 was further adjusted for smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, SBP, DBP, education level, occupation, region, urban or rural residency, self-reported diabetes, antihypertensive medicine, physical activity, as well as the intakes of fibre, sodium and potassium.
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; P-BH, multiple testing corrected p values by Benjamini-Hochberg method; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; SU, standard units by averaging z scores.