Causal effects of MDD on COVID-19
| Exposure | Outcome | Method | b (SE) | OR (95% CI) | P value |
| MDD | SARS-CoV-2 infection | IVW | 0.047 (0.023) | 1.05 (1.00 to 1.10) | 0.039 |
| MDD | SARS-CoV-2 infection | WM | 0.038 (0.030) | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.10) | 0.203 |
| MDD | SARS-CoV-2 infection | MR-Egger | 0.126 (0.127) | 1.13 (0.88 to 1.46) | 0.325 |
| MDD | Hospitalised COVID-19 | IVW | 0.066 (0.049) | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.18) | 0.175 |
| MDD | Hospitalised COVID-19 | WM | 0.090 (0.066) | 1.09 (0.96 to 1.24) | 0.171 |
| MDD | Hospitalised COVID-19 | MR-Egger | 0.279 (0.269) | 1.32 (0.78 to 2.24) | 0.301 |
| MDD | Critical COVID-19 | IVW | 0.085 (0.083) | 1.09 (0.92 to 1.28) | 0.306 |
| MDD | Critical COVID-19 | WM | −0.007 (0.100) | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.21) | 0.947 |
| MDD | Critical COVID-19 | MR-Egger | 0.228 (0.452) | 1.26 (0.52 to 3.04) | 0.615 |
b, effect size; CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; IVW, inverse variance weighted; MDD, major depressive disorder; MR, Mendelian randomisation; OR, odds ratio; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SE, standard error; WM, weighted median.