Characteristics of the study cohort
| Characteristics | Healthy weight (n=4659) | Underweight (n=555) | Overweight (n=3403) | Obese (n=2782) | Morbidly obese (n=501) |
| Age at baseline (%) | |||||
| 18–24 | 1017 (21.8) | 116 (20.9) | 445 (13.1) | 253 (9.1) | 36 (7.2) |
| 25–34 | 1216 (26.1) | 142 (25.6) | 825 (24.2) | 620 (22.3) | 106 (21.2) |
| 35–44 | 990 (21.2) | 117 (21.1) | 871 (25.6) | 770 (27.7) | 153 (30.5) |
| 45–54 | 673 (14.4) | 67 (12.1) | 586 (17.2) | 599 (21.5) | 137 (27.3) |
| 55–64 | 335 (7.2) | 37 (6.7) | 324 (9.5) | 285 (10.2) | 43 (8.6) |
| 65–74 | 254 (5.5) | 36 (6.5) | 216 (6.3) | 164 (5.9) | 22 (4.4) |
| 75–84 | 135 (2.9) | 30 (5.4) | 112 (3.3) | 80 (2.9) | 2 (0.4) |
| 85 and above | 39 (0.8) | 10 (1.8) | 24 (0.7) | 11 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) |
| Mean (SD) age at baseline | 39.2 (16.1) | 40.8 (18.2) | 42.3 (15.8) | 43.4 (14.6) | 42.4 (12.4) |
| Gender (%) | |||||
| Female | 1651 (35.4) | 295 (53.2) | 1249 (36.7) | 1345 (48.3) | 308 (61.5) |
| Male | 3008 (64.6) | 260 (46.8) | 2154 (63.3) | 1437 (51.7) | 193 (38.5) |
| Cohabiting status (%) | |||||
| Cohabiting | 409 (8.8) | 50 (9.0) | 433 (12.7) | 340 (12.2) | 61 (12.2) |
| Non-cohabiting | 4250 (91.2) | 505 (91.0) | 2970 (87.3) | 2442 (87.8) | 440 (87.8) |
| Living alone (%) | 1075 (23.1) | 126 (22.7) | 801 (23.5) | 656 (23.6) | 103 (20.6) |
| Ethnicity (%) | |||||
| Non-white | 2565 (55.1) | 293 (52.8) | 2020 (59.4) | 1647 (59.2) | 295 (58.9) |
| White | 2048 (44.0) | 258 (46.5) | 1360 (40.0) | 1117 (40.2) | 203 (40.5) |
| Missing data | 46 (1.0) | 4 (0.7) | 23 (0.7) | 18 (0.6) | 3 (0.6) |
| Employment status (%) | |||||
| Employed or student | 219 (4.7) | 29 (5.2) | 145 (4.3) | 121 (4.3) | 23 (4.6) |
| Unemployed | 1225 (26.3) | 131 (23.6) | 1077 (31.6) | 1067 (38.4) | 212 (42.3) |
| Retired | 117 (2.5) | 22 (4.0) | 122 (3.6) | 86 (3.1) | 9 (1.8) |
| Disabled | 5 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.1) | 16 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) |
| Other | 1202 (25.8) | 130 (23.4) | 951 (27.9) | 837 (30.1) | 154 (30.7) |
| Missing data | 1891 (40.6) | 242 (43.6) | 1105 (32.5) | 655 (23.5) | 102 (20.4) |
| Mean (SD) Index of Multiple Deprivation | 30.9 (9.8) | 30.5 (9.5) | 31.4 (9.5) | 31.2 (9.6) | 31.8 (9.6) |
| Smoking status (%) | |||||
| Current smoker | 3205 (68.8) | 380 (68.5) | 2236 (65.7) | 1739 (62.5) | 293 (58.5) |
| Ex-smoker | 168 (3.6) | 20 (3.6) | 119 (3.5) | 117 (4.2) | 24 (4.8) |
| Non-smoker | 1220 (26.2) | 147 (26.5) | 1001 (29.4) | 887 (31.9) | 177 (35.3) |
| Missing data | 66 (1.4) | 8 (1.4) | 47 (1.4) | 39 (1.4) | 7 (1.4) |
| HoNOS problem (%) | |||||
| Agitation | 1281 (27.5) | 148 (26.7) | 827 (24.3) | 656 (23.6) | 124 (24.8) |
| Self-injury | 364 (7.8) | 40 (7.2) | 197 (5.8) | 143 (5.1) | 35 (7.0) |
| Drinking | 1093 (23.5) | 111 (20.0) | 577 (17.0) | 393 (14.1) | 43 (8.6) |
| Cognition | 936 (20.1) | 112 (20.2) | 667 (19.6) | 517 (18.6) | 101 (20.2) |
| Physical illness | 753 (16.2) | 117 (21.1) | 623 (18.3) | 630 (22.6) | 168 (33.5) |
| Hallucinations | 2531 (54.3) | 305 (55.0) | 1783 (52.4) | 1416 (50.9) | 239 (47.7) |
| Depression | 1211 (26.0) | 156 (28.1) | 799 (23.5) | 614 (22.1) | 132 (26.3) |
| Relationships | 1732 (37.2) | 205 (36.9) | 1214 (35.7) | 963 (34.6) | 171 (34.1) |
| Daily living | 1360 (29.2) | 197 (35.5) | 960 (28.2) | 832 (29.9) | 183 (36.5) |
| Living conditions | 1098 (23.6) | 157 (28.3) | 755 (22.2) | 536 (19.3) | 94 (18.8) |
| Occupation | 1504 (32.3) | 194 (34.9) | 1070 (31.4) | 805 (28.9) | 138 (27.5) |
| Psychiatric medication (%) | |||||
| Antipsychotic | 4223 (90.6) | 494 (89.0) | 3131 (92.0) | 2548 (91.6) | 457 (91.2) |
| Antidepressant | 1776 (38.1) | 235 (42.3) | 1383 (40.6) | 1173 (42.2) | 216 (43.1) |
| Anxiolytic/hypnotic | 2968 (63.7) | 330 (59.5) | 2009 (59.0) | 1598 (57.4) | 284 (56.7) |
| Mood stabiliser | 728 (15.6) | 45 (8.1) | 672 (19.7) | 668 (24.0) | 130 (25.9) |
| Medication for CVD (%) | |||||
| Antihypertensive | 43 (0.9) | 7 (1.3) | 71 (2.1) | 62 (2.2) | 19 (3.8) |
| Lipid lowering | 285 (6.1) | 34 (6.1) | 364 (10.7) | 409 (14.7) | 87 (17.4) |
| Antidiabetic | 114 (2.4) | 20 (3.6) | 157 (4.6) | 183 (6.6) | 44 (8.8) |
| Hospitalised circulatory diseases (%) | |||||
| Diabetes | 110 (2.4) | 13 (2.3) | 148 (4.3) | 167 (6.0) | 40 (8.0) |
| Hypertension | 160 (3.4) | 21 (3.8) | 183 (5.4) | 197 (7.1) | 57 (11.4) |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 72 (1.5) | 5 (0.9) | 72 (2.1) | 78 (2.8) | 19 (3.8) |
| Deceased (%) | 580 (12.4) | 98 (17.7) | 423 (12.4) | 394 (14.2) | 71 (14.2) |
| Mean (SD) years of follow-up | 4.1 (2.9) | 3.7 (2.6) | 4.2 (3.0) | 4.8 (3.2) | 4.2 (2.7) |
| Death by underlying cause (%) | |||||
| Circulatory | 100 (2.1) | 15 (2.7) | 74 (2.2) | 93 (3.3) | 9 (1.8) |
| Cancer | 81 (1.7) | 6 (1.1) | 69 (2.0) | 37 (1.3) | 7 (1.4) |
| Respiratory | 60 (1.3) | 19 (3.4) | 43 (1.3) | 37 (1.3) | 7 (1.4) |
| Digestive | 32 (0.7) | 6 (1.1) | 17 (0.5) | 12 (0.4) | 4 (0.8) |
| External causes | 65 (1.4) | 13 (2.3) | 38 (1.1) | 35 (1.3) | 7 (1.4) |
| Type of external cause*(%) | |||||
| Accidents | 27 (0.6) | 7 (1.3) | 17 (0.5) | 14 (0.5) | 5 (1.0) |
| Suicide or self-harm | 25 (0.5) | 2 (0.4) | 15 (0.4) | 12 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) |
| Unknown intent | 13 (0.3) | 4 (0.7) | 6 (0.2) | 9 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Other causes | 242 (5.2) | 39 (7.0) | 182 (5.3) | 180 (6.5) | 37 (7.4) |
*External causes were divided into accidents, suicide or self-harm, unknown intent or other causes according to ICD-10 description.
CVD, cardiovascular disease; HoNOS, Health of the Nation Outcome Scale; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision; SD, standard deviation.