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Biostatistics in psychiatry (44)
Simpson’s Paradox: Examples
  1. Bokai Wang1,
  2. Pan Wu2,
  3. Brian Kwan3,
  4. Xin M. Tu3 and
  5. Changyong Feng1,4
  1. 1Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
  2. 2Value Institute, Christiana Care Health System, John H Ammon Medical Education Center, Newark, DE, USA
  3. 3Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
  4. 4Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
  1. correspondence: Dr. Changyong Feng. Mailing address: Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 630, Rochester, NY, USA. Postcode: NY 14642. E-Mail: changyong_feng{at}urmc.rochester.edu

Abstract

Simpson’s paradox is very prevalent in many areas. It characterizes the inconsistency between the conditional and marginal interpretations of the data. In this paper, we illustrate through some examples how the Simpson’s paradox can happen in continuous, categorical, and time-to-event data.

  • conditional expectation
  • odd ratio
  • time-to-event analysis

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

http://dx.doi.org/10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.218026

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    © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) [2018]. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/