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Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the most difficult additional diagnoses to manage in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) since the gold standard treatment for one disease (antidepressants for OCD) can worsen the other. This case report describes the efficacy of aripiprazole augmentation as maintenance therapy in a young patient with comorbid BD-OCD. Our patient presented complete remission of affective and obsessive-compulsive symptoms with remarkable improvement in social and occupational functioning for 24 months. Adverse drug reactions were not severe enough to result in drug discontinuation. In consideration of the important nosological, clinical and therapeutic implications, future research efforts may lead to more grounded guidelines, which are greatly needed in patients with comorbid BD-OCD.
- aripiprazole
- bipolar
- obsessive-compulsive
- comorbidity
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Introduction
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the most difficult additional diagnoses to manage in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), and the meaning of this comorbidity has not been clarified yet.
The results from our meta-analysis showed higher comorbidity rates in youths (24.2%, 95% CI 10.36 to 41.60, n=345, z=−9.5) compared with adults (13.56%, 95% CI 10.4 to 16.25, n=4539),1 with the majority of patients who experienced the onset of OCD prior to the onset of BD.2 Patients with BD-OCD presented higher prevalence of family history for mood disorders and lower prevalence of family history for OCD than patients without BD-OCD.3 Moreover, compared with non-comorbid subjects, patients with BD-OCD have a more episodic course of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, typically with worsening during depression and improvement during mania/hypomania.4
BD-OCD comorbidity has important clinical implications: how to treat the comorbidity since the main treatment (serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SRIs) for OCD can worsen BD?5
We present the case of a patient with severe BD who developed obsessive-compulsive symptoms during treatment with clozapine.
Case history
The patient is a 25-year-old Caucasian unmarried man with a positive family history of recurrent depression.
When he was 20, he experienced a manic episode with mood-incongruent psychotic features (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria) and he was treated with lithium carbonate 900 mg/day and olanzapine 25 mg/day. Olanzapine was gradually decreased and lithium was continued with mood stabilisation and remission of affective symptoms.
One year later, he developed a severe mixed episode with similar paranoid delusions. His therapy was modified to lithium carbonate 900 mg/day and risperidone 4 mg/day; however, paranoid and affective symptoms were only partially controlled.
Almost 1 year later, manic symptoms and paranoid delusions increased prominently. Risperidone 37.5 mg intramuscular every 2 weeks was added to lithium carbonate 900 mg/day. Risperidone was stopped because of adverse drug reactions (hyperprolactinemia and weight gain), and his therapy was modified to clozapine 300 mg/day and lithium carbonate 900 mg/day.
However, as clozapine was gradually increased to 450 mg/day, the patient started presenting sexual obsessions with intrusive thoughts that met DSM-5 criteria for OCD. He was treated with paroxetine 30 mg/day without satisfactory control of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
After 8 weeks, he developed a new manic episode. Paroxetine and clozapine were stopped and the addition of aripiprazole 30 mg/day to lithium carbonate, gradually decreased to 15 mg/day, helped to achieve mood stabilisation and remission of obsessive-compulsive symptoms for the following 24 months.
No further hospitalisation was needed and the patient presented a remarkable improvement in social and occupational functioning.
Discussion
This case report describes the efficacy of aripiprazole augmentation in BD-OCD maintenance therapy. Our patient presented complete remission of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and mood stabilisation without further hospitalisations.
Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic that acts as a partial agonist at the D2 and 5-HT1A receptors, as well as an antagonist at 5-HT2A receptor. Recent studies showed the efficacy of aripiprazole monotherapy or in addition to mood stabilisers in managing acute mania and stabilisation phases in BD, and in addition to SRIs in refractory OCD. Futhermore, there is evidence that aripiprazole augmentation to mood stabilisers, even at low doses, is also effective in patients with BD-OCD comorbidity.6
In our case, positive family history for affective disorders, improvement of affective and obsessive-compulsive symptoms with mood stabilisers and atypical antipsychotics, and manic switch induced by antidepressant, support the hypothesis of an underlying OCD comorbidity unmasked by the use of clozapine to manage treatment-resistant BD.
The results from a recent systematic review showed that mood stabilisation should be the first objective in patients with apparent BD-OCD, as opposed to immediate treatment with SRIs. Addition of SRI agents seems unnecessary in most cases, although it may be needed in refractory OCD.7
Progress in this area would serve to shed light on the best clinical management of BD-OCD comorbidity. In consideration of the important nosological, clinical and therapeutic implications, future research efforts may lead to more grounded guidelines, which are greatly needed in patients with comorbid BD-OCD.
References
Andrea Amerio, MD, PhD, is a psychiatrist at the Department of Mental Health of Alessandria (Italy). Since January 2013 he has been a research fellow at the Mood Disorders Program, Tufts University – Boston, MA (USA). Supervised by Professor Ghaemi SN his research focuses on psychiatric comorbidities in bipolar disorders.
Footnotes
Contributors AA has contributed to data acquisition. AA and AO have been involved in data interpretation and drafting the manuscript. Our manuscript has been approved by all authors.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent Obtained.
Ethics approval Comitato Etico Azienda USL di Parma.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.